Shopping Mall

This is our 4 th year design project Shopping Mall at Aundh.
I have designed on a basic grid pattern , with alcobond cladding..
hows the view?I did it in 1 night.....






Please comment freely..

Difference between Architecture student and other fields student??

Seating infront of my drafting table i was just thinking of my past architecure studies and life...submissions,those late night studies , elevanth our model making , runnig for plotting , xeroxing the jurnals , computer failure befor the day of submissions....list will go on.. that was amazing..but whats the different between us and the other students like medical or enggi students? what do u think?? is there an difference??

architectural presentation-ASPHALT ROOFING

WHAT IS ASPHALT?

A dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens, which occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing.
Asphalt is a constituent in varying proportions of most crude petroleum and used for paving, roofing, industrial and other special purposes.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Asphalt is obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum.
Felt used for paper. This felt is saturated with asphalt shingles and sidings which is used as roofing.
Stabilizers like silica, marble, sandstone etc. are combined with asphalt to control its hardness, elasticity, adhesion and weatherability.

Fine surfacing materials like talc, mica are finely ground and used to prevent the various asphalt materials from sticking together when packed.
Colored granules like natural slate, marble, granite are crushed, screened and graded to sizes.This is used to produce permanent colors.

CATEGORIZATION
Asphalt roofing is categorized as:
Organic
Fiberglass
Fiberglass based asphalt shingles are manufactured with mat composed entirely of glass fibers of varying lengths and orientations. This fiber glass base is then formulated with a special asphalt coating.

TYPES OF ASPHALT ROOFING
There are 6 types of Asphalt roofing .
Surfaced rolls produced from surfaced products.
Sidings.
Strip shingles.
Individual shingles.
Smooth roll roofing from saturated felts.
Built up roofing.

ROLL ROOFING

The wood deck is first cleaned first from any dust.
Hot or cold Asphalt cement as recommended by roofing manufacturer is poured.
The starter strip which is 914 mm wide and has lengths of 43.89 & 21.95.
The strip is then nailed to the deck in 2 rows, which are staggered, and in each row the nails have cc of 304 mm.

The nailing is done on the top of the roll on an offset of 120.65 mm.
The overlapping portion on the starter strip is covered with Asphalt cement.
Then the next roll is laid on the Asphalt cement.The roll overlaps on the starter strip by a distance of 482.6mm.
This strip is also then nailed in the same way.
Roll roofing can also be laid vertically in the same fashion.

Types of roll roofing


STRIP SHINGLES

The wooden deck is first cleaned of dirt and dust.
Felt underlayment is then laid on the wooden deck.
Underlayment is provided to low,sloping roofs.The roll roofing is laid on the deck in the same way as shown above.
The tabs used for the roofing is equal to three shingles.

The starter course or course of full 3-tab shingles reversed is laid and nailed on the underlayment.
The first course is then nailed and then further courses are nailed.
Each course covers the nails of the course below it,giving it a finished appearance.
Care is taken that the edges of the tabs are staggered
This type of roofing is used for slopes of 3to 12 up to 4 to 12

INDIVIDUAL SHINGLES

·       The wooden deck is cleaned.
·       Felt underlayment is laid, the felt underlayment is in roll roofing.
·       Then the starter course of individual shingles is laid and nailed horizontally.
The starter course, which is horizontally laid on quick setting roofing cement and a starting course of quick setting cement in the vertical manner is also laid.

The next courses are laid and nailed staggering to the previous course.
Individual shingles are also found in hexagonal staple down shingles, which give a better aesthetical view and even Dutch lap shingles are also available which are kept in place by L type nails.
This type of roofing is used for roofs with pitch 4 to 12 up to 8 to 12.

Interlocking individual shingles


BUILT-UP ROOFING

·      Built up asphalt roofing consists of alternate layers of hot asphalt cement and asphalt saturated felts.
·      These layers are called 3-ply, 5-ply, etc., according to the number of layers of asphalt-saturated felt.
·      The finished surface consists of slag or various types stone chips.
·      This type of roof is used for roof surfaces with a pitch not greater than 3 to 12.
·      The life of 3-ply roofing is 10 years and for 5-ply roofing is 20 years.


5-ply built-up roofing


DISADVANTAGES

Deterioration begins early in product life-cycle as product sheds its protective granules
Susceptible to blow off in high winds
Scars easily when hot
Susceptible to mildew and moss
Environmentally unfriendly

Defects in organic shingles:
CUPPING
LOSS OF GRANULES


ADVANTAGES
Affordable Cost: Compared to other roofing products, asphalt shingles are relatively inexpensive.
Peace of Mind: Asphalt shingles have been around for over 100 years. They have a proven track record in our harsh climatic conditions.
Suitability: Asphalt shingles are available in a wide selection of sizes, styles and colours, suitable for most residential applications.

Warranty Coverage: Asphalt shingles are protected with warranty periods ranging from 20 years to Lifetime, which will suit any budget and needs.
User-Friendly: Experienced Do-It-Yourselfers can apply asphalt shingles successfully.
Low Maintenance and Easy Repairs: Other more expensive roofing products can require more maintenance, specialized tools, can be more difficult to repair and almost always require professional installation.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS SHINGLES
Are more resistant to heat, which may cause blisters to form on softer organic shingles.
On most application, fiberglass shingles require the installation of an asphalt saturated felt underlayment.
Are more resistant to curling, which can happen with organic shingles after many years of service.
Roof assemblies covered with fiberglass shingles have a higher fire resistance rating than roof assemblies covered with organic shingles.

OTHER USES OF ASPHALT
Transportation - highways, railbeds for transit systems, airport runways
Recreational - running tracks, greenway trails, playgrounds, bicycle and golf cart paths, racetracks, basketball and tennis courts
Aquatic - fish hatcheries, reservoir liners, industrial retention ponds, sea walls, dikes and groins to control beach erosion
Residential - driveways, subdivision roads
Agricultural - cattle feed lots, poultry house floors, barn floors, greenhouse floors
Industrial - work sites, log yards, ports, freight yards, landfill ca
Waterproofing on roofs & tanks.
Used in tanking.

PASSIVE FIRE CONTROL

INTRODUCTION



Fire safety is a essential part of any building. Fire safety aspects are of two types :


ACTIVE FIRE CONTROL
PASSIVE FIRE CONTROL






Passive fire protection are those measures taken care of during designing of a structure and does not need any energy consumption.
They directly affect the architecture of the building.
Such means device the methods of assembling of components of a building such that spread of fire is limited to barest minimum.



FIRE SAFETY ASPECTS



Following fire safety aspects are taken care of in passive fire protection :
(1)Internal hazards
(2)Personal hazards
(3)Exposure hazards



1) INTERNAL HAZARDS



Internal hazards are hazards related to building itself and the property inside the building .They depend upon :
• Size, shape, and height of the building
• Material and design of construction
• Contents of the building
• Maintenance of the building

Internal hazards can be countered by :
1.)Fire resistance of the structure
2.)Compartmentation
3.)fire and smoke venting



1)FIRE RESISTANCE OF THE STRUCTURE




This aspect depends on the fire rating of different materials used for construction and the general planning of the building. The materials used for construction should have fire rating as specified by the relevant bylaws and IS codes.



The structural members can also be designed to increase fire resistance of the structure . For instance, the depth of slab, columns, and beams can be increased for additional fire protection.


2) COMPARTMENTATION
The aim of compartmentation is to contain the fire within the building.This is done by minimumising possible area by choking the fire and reducing the fuel .
Compartmentation can be studied under :
Integrity of compartment wall (horizontal compartmentation )
Integrity of compartment floor (vertical compartmentation)
Structural integrity and continuity of its fire
resistance (integral compartmentation )

HORIZONTAL COMPARTMENTATION
Normally in all buildings horizontal compartmentation is achieved by formation of rooms but doors are not sufficiently fire resistant .
The fire resistance of timber door is less than that of wall. To overcome this, doors should be made of composite materials .
Fire proof compartment is a enclosure of which all elements ie doors, windows, ventilators and walls have the required fire resistance . Such compartments should be used in places such as godowns, warehouses factories etc.
Fire proof doors shall confirm rigidity to requirements specified in IS 1648 – 1961.

VERTICAL COMPARTMENTATION
Like horizontal compartmentation vertical compartmentation is similarly achieved by floor slabs . Openings to accommodate vertical circulation can be ready means of passage of fire from one storey to another like staircase, lift chamber as also holes and pipes .
Holes and pipes : The same principles and considerations of combustibility applied to groups of pipe and services both vertically and horizontally .It has been a general rule, for many years, to use a 6 inch non combustible cast iron pipe through a wall for preventing any fire hazards.


STAIRCASE AND LIFTS
It is vitally important that staircases and lifts have the same standards of fire resistance as that of rest of the building .( or at least half hour) for this:
Stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials throughout .
Interior of the staircase should have at least one side adjacent wall and shall be completely enclosed.
A staircase shall not be be arranged around a lift shaft unless the later is entirely enclosed by a material of fire-resistance rating as that of the type of the construction itself.
Hollow combustible construction should be avoided.

3) SMOKE AND HEAT VENTING
Smoke and heat venting can be effectively used in structures with
Undivided floor areas with ceiling heights such that in case of fire smoke layer is developed at least 4.5 m above floor level such
conditions are frequently encountered in large industrial and
storage buildings.
The design of fire venting should take care of two cases
The first has to do with limited growth fires ie fires which are not expected to growth beyond a predictable heat release ,
Second type of fire is the one which, if unchecked, will continue to grow to unknown size

In buildings such as factories and ware houses fire curtains are provided at relevant intervals and automatic or manually operated vents are provided .


PRINCIPLES OF VENTING
Hot gases rise vertically from the fire and then flow horizontally below the roof untill blocked by a vertical barrier (ie curtain),thus initiating a layer of hot gases below the roof .
The volume and temperature of gases to be vented depend upon heat release of the fire and the amount of air supply to it .
The depth of layer of hot gases increases , the fire incontinues to grow, and the layer temperature continues to rise untill vents operate .
Operation of vents within a curtained area will unable some of the unable some of the upper layer of hot gases to escape, and slow the rate of deepening of the layer of hot gases. With sufficient venting area,the rate of deepening of layer can be arreste for even reversed .


TYPES OF VENTS
Actually any opening in a roof,over a fire will relieve some heat and smoke , however the casual inclusions of skylights, windows are not reliable.
Vents may be a single unit (entire unit opens fully with a single sensor) or multiple units in rows are, clusters or groups.
If the hazard is localized (solvent storage,dip tank, etc)it is preferable that the vents be located directly above such hazards .
vents should preferably be automatic in operation ie connected in circuit with smoke detectors . However all automatic vents should also be designed to open by manual means.


PERSONAL HAZARDS
The extent of personal hazards depends upon the occupant characteristics or the conditions of occupants in the building which refers to:
Wakefullness of the occupants
Familiarity with building layout
Mobility


ESCAPE ROUTES
Escape routes play a key roll in minimizing personal hazards.
It consists of three distinct parts :
Exit access : the horizontal path from any upper floor starting from any occupied room and leading to the emergency staircase .
Intermediate exits: the vertical path that is staircase or lifts
Exit discharge : the horizontal path from the escape staircase to the final exit in the open area .

DESIGN OF EMERGENCY STAIRCASE
The following requirement should be taken care of the design of emergency staircase :
Fire escapes shall not be taken into account in calculating evacuation time of the building .
Al fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground .
Entrance to fire escapes shall be separate and remote from the internal staircase .
Fire escape routes shall be free of obstructions at all times.
Fire shall be constructed of non combustible materials .
Fire escape steps shall have straight flight not less than 75 cm wide with 15 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm . The number of risers shall be limited to 16 per flight .

DESIGN FOR RAMPS
The following requirements should be taken care while designing the ramps :
Ramps with slope of not more than 1 to 10 may be substituted for and shall comply with all this applicable requirements of required stairways as to enclosure, capacity and limited dimensions. Ramps shall be surfaced with approved non-slipping material . Provided that in the case of public offices , hospitals , assembly halls etc. the slope of the ramp shall not be more than 1 to 12.
The minimum width of the ramps in hospitals shall be 2.25 m
Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.
Ramps shalll lead directly to the outside open space at ground level or courtyards or safe place.


DESIGN FOR LIFTS
The following requirements should be taken care while designing the lift :
All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hours by the lifts . The lifts provided in the building shall not be considered as a means of escape in case of emergency.
Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire service to ground the lifts cars in an emergency shall also be provided.
The lift machine room shall separate and other machinery shall be installed therin .


3)EXPOSURE HAZARDS
Exposure hazards can be resisted by:
a)Isolation from neighborhood structures
b)Access for outside emergency services
c) Proper site planning

a)ISOLATION FROM NEIGHBOURHOOD STRUCTURES
For controlling exposure hazards the distance between buildings play an important role.
The factors which govern the distances are :
occupancy and corresponding fire load ;
Type of construction , which shall be correctly related to the first load and/or the occupancy ;
Height ;
Location ,(i.e. residential or industrial estate )
Front wall facing a road way , street or similar throughout fare;
Back wall , that is , the wall farthest away from the front , and facing the rear space


A)ISOLATION FROM NEIGHBOURHOO STRUCTURES
All the buildings, excluding those with abnormal fire loads having ground or ground and first floor , of construction .
distance between front walls of opposing buildings 9m min
Distance between back walls of opposing buildings 6m min
Sides between back walls of opposing buildings 6 m min


b)ACCESS FOR OUTSIDE EMERGENCY SERVICES
Following points must be taken care of while planning access ways :
The access for fire brigades .
The facades which may be accessible from these roads depending on the number of occupants in the buildings
The height of the building ( less or more than 8m )
The use to which the building is put
Its interior design ( compartmented or in zones )

c)SITE PLANNING
In the site planning , following work station should be kept in isolation with respect to main structure as they involves special fire risk .
Garage areas .
Loading bays
Waste disposal areas
Areas containing central heating plant
Fuel stores
Areas containing refrigeration plant other than small units and display cabinets .
Medium and height voltage transformers.
Ventilation plant rooms .

THE END

Sustainable Architecture in and around pune city

Abstract:- "Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste Sustainably designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency”.

Purpose and Methodology of research:- Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account.
 In the past, attention has been primarily focused on the size of the building stock in Punes city. Quality issues have hardly played a significant role.
 However, in strict quantity terms, the building and housing market is now saturated in most countries, and the demand for quality is growing in importance.
 Accordingly, policies that contribute to the sustainability of building practices should be implemented, with recognition of the importance of existing market conditions.
 Both the environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market.
 Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable buildings by encouraging these developments.
 The main objectives of the sustainable architecture are:-
1. Resource Efficiency
2. Energy Efficiency (including Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction)
3. Pollution Prevention (including Indoor Air Quality and Noise Abatement)
4. Harmonization with Environment (including Environmental Assessment)
5. Integrated and Systemic Approaches (including Environmental Management System.

4). Introduction:-
"Sustainable building" can be defined as those buildings that have minimum adverse impacts on the built and natural environment, in terms of the buildings themselves, their immediate surroundings and the broader regional and global setting. "Sustainable building" may be defined as building practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption (energy conservation), and improving environmental quality.
The idea of environmental sustainability is to leave the Earth in as good or better shape for future generations than we found it for ourselves. By a definition, human activity is only environmentally sustainable when it can be performed or maintained indefinitely without depleting natural resources or degrading the natural environment.

• Resource consumption would be minimal
• Materials consumed would be made ENTIRELY of 100% post-consumer recycled materials or from renewable resources (which were harvested without harm to the environment and without depletion of the resource base)
• Recycling of waste streams would be 100%
• Energy would be conserved and energy supplies would be ENTIRELY renewable and non-polluting (solar thermal and electric, wind power, biomass, etc.)

Three dimension of sustainability:-
1. economic
2. environmental
3. social
1). Economic dimensions of sustainability:
· Creation of new markets and opportunities for sales growth
· Cost reduction through efficiency improvements and reduced energy and raw material inputs
· Creation of additional added value
2). Environmental dimensions of sustainability:

 Reduced waste, effluent generation, emissions to environment
 Reduced impact on human health
 Use of renewable raw materials
 Elimination of toxic substances

3). Social dimensions of sustainability:
· Worker health and safety
· Impacts on local communities, quality of life
· Benefits to disadvantaged groups e.g. disabled
4.1.1 Importance of sustainable architectutre:-
Buildings are significant users of energy and building energy efficiency is a high priority in many countries.
Efficient use of energy is important since global energy resources is finite and power generation using fossil fuels (such as coal and oil) has adverse environmental effects.
The potential for energy savings in the building sector is large.
4.1.2 Assumption
Energy efficient building design is location-dependent. The local climate must be considered when selecting appropriate design strategies.


4.2. BASIC PRINCIPLES
4.2.1 Climate and Site
Climate has a major effect on building performance and energy consumption. Energy-conscious design requires an understanding of the climate.
Buildings will respond to the natural climatic environment in two ways:

Thermal response of the building structure (heat transfer and thermal storage).
Response of the building systems (such as HVAC and lighting systems).
To gain the maximum benefits from the local climate, building design must "fit" its particular climate.

When faced with unfavourable climatic conditions, optimal siting and site design may solve all or part of the problems. Site elements to be considered include:
Topography - slopes, valleys, hills and their surface conditions.
Vegetation - plant types, mass, texture.
Built forms - surrounding buildings and structures.
Water - cooling effects, ground water, acquifiers.
The six important aspects of architectural planning which will affect thermal and energy performance of buildings are: [see Figure 2]
Site selection
Layout
Shape
Spacing
Orientation
Mutual relationship
Architectural and landscape designs should be closely integrated. If possible, should provide wind breaks in cold winter and access to cooling breezes in summer.
4.2.2 Building Envelope
Elements of the building envelope (= "protective skin"):
Walls (exterior)
Windows
Roof
Underground slab and foundation
Three factors determining the heat flow across the building envelope:
Temperature differential
Area of the building exposed
Heat transmission value of the exposed area
The use of suitable thermal mass and thermal insulation is important for controlling the heat flow. Remember, the envelope components will respond "dynamically" to changing ambient conditions. Some people also consider the "embodied energy" (include energy for producing and transporting) of building materials when making the selection.

4.2.3 Building Systems
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are installed to provide for occupant comfort, health and safety. They are usually the key energy users and their design is affected by architecture features and occupant needs.


While being energy efficient, HVAC systems should have a degree of flexibility to allow for future extensions and change.
To achieve optimum energy efficiency, designers should evaluate:
Thermal comfort criteria
Load calculation methods
System characteristics
Equipment and plant operation (part-load)
Lighting systems is another key energy user and additional cooling energy will be required to remove the heat generated by luminaires.
Energy efficient lighting should ensure that:
Illumination is not excessive.
Switching is provided to turn off unnecessary light.
Illumination is provided in an efficient manner.

General design strategies for lighting design:
Combination of general and task lighting.
Electric lighting integrated with daylight.
The use of energy efficient lamps and luminaires.
Use light-coloured room surfaces.
Other building services systems consuming energy include:
Electrical installations
Lifts and escalators
Water supply systems
Town gas supply system
4.3. Technologies
4.3.1 Passive Cooling and Sun Control
Passive systems - internal conditions are modified as a result of the behaviour of the building form and fabric.
General strategies for passive heating and cooling:
Cold winters - maximise solar gain and reduce heat loss.
Hot summers - minimise solar gain and maximise heat removal.
Correct orientation and use of windows.
Appropriate amounts of thermal mass and insulation.
Provision for ventilation (natural).
Strategies for shading and sun control:
External projection (overhangs and side fins).
External systems integral with the window frame or attached to the building face, such as lourves and screens.
Specially treated window glass, such as heat absorbing and reflecting glass.
Internal treatments either opaque or semi-opaque, such as curtains and blinds.
For hot and humid climate like india, extensive shading without affecting ventilation is usually required all year round. Shading of the east and west facades is more important.
4.3.2 Daylighting
Daylight can be used to augment or replace electric lighting. Efficient daylighting design should consider:
Sky conditions
Site environment
Building space and form
Glazing systems
Artificial lighting systems
Air-conditioning systemsThe complex interaction between daylight, electric lights and HVAC should be studied carefully in order to achieve a desirable .

Advanced window technologies have been developed to change/switch the optical properties of window glass so as to control the amount of daylight. There are also innovative daylighting technologies now being investigated:
Light pipe systems
Light shelves
Mirror systems
Prismatic glazing
Holographic diffracting systems

4.3.3 HVAC Systems
Energy efficiency of many HVAC sub-systems and equipment has been improved gradually over the years, such as in air systems, water systems, central cooling and heating plants.
Energy efficient HVAC design now being used or studied include:
Variable air volume (VAV) systems to reduce fan energy use.
Outside air control by temperature/enthalpy level.
Heat pump and heat recovery systems
Building energy management and control systems.
Natural ventilation and natural cooling strategies.

Thermal storage systems (such as ice thermal storage) are also being studied to achieve energy cost saving. Although in principle they will not increase energy efficiency, they are useful for demand-side management.

4.3.4 Active Solar and Photovoltaics
Solar thermal systems (active solar) provide useful heat at a low temperature. This technology is mature and can be applied to hot water, space heating, swimming pool heating and space absorption cooling.The system consists of solar collectors, a heat storage tank and water distribution mains. An integrated collector storage system has also been developed recently to eliminate the need for a separate storage


Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into electricity using a semi-conductor device. The main advantages of PV systems include:
Reasonable conversion efficiencies (6-18%).
PV modules can be efficiently integrated in buildings, minimising visual intrusion.
Their modularity and static character.
High reliability and long lifetime.
Low maintenance cost.
In practice, PV technology can be used for central generation or building-integrated systems (BIPV). The systems can be of the standalone type, hybrid type or grid-connected type. Although the cost of PV is still high at present, it may become cost-effective in the hear future.

4.4. Evaluation Methods
4.4.1 Bioclimatic Design
The integration of design, climate and human comfort -- the bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism -- was first proposed in mide-1950s by Victor and Aladar Olgyay.
Their intention was to highlight the belief that architectural design should begin with understanding of the physiological needs of human comfort and take advantage of local climatic elements to optimise these requirements naturally and efficiently.
Building design itself is conceived as a natural energy systems that restores environmental quality to its site.
The aim is to creat a supportive and productive environment that ultimately can contribute to sustaining the regional and global environment.
4.4.2 Building Thermal and Energy Simulation
Nowadays, building energy design often require the analytical power to study complicated design scenerio. Computer-based building energy simulation will provide this power and allow greater flexibility in design evaluation.
The simulation method is based upon load and energy calculations in HVAC design. The purpose is to study and determine the energy characteristics of buildings and their building systems.
The cost effectiveness of any energy conservation measures will be a compromise between initial, maintenance and energy costs. Simulation techniques can provide the tools for assessing different design options based on their energy performance and life cycle costs.4.4.3 Building Energy Audits
Building energy auditing can be defined as "measuring and recording actual energy consumption, at site, of a completed and occupied building (expressed in units of energy, not monetary value); fundamentally for the purposes of reducing and minimising energy usage".
Energy audits identify areas where energy is being used efficiently or is being wasted, and spotlight areas with the largest potential for energy saving. They are useful for establishing consumption patterns, understanding how the building consumes energy, how the system elements interrelate and how the external environment affects the building.
There are different approaches to conducting a full building energy audit, but the following stages are often adopted:
Stage 1 - An audit of historical data
Stage 2 - Survey
Stage 3 - Detailed investigation and analysis
A proper energy audit is useful for more than energy conservation goals. Energy audits can be employed to assist in areas such as:
Establishment of data bank and consumption records.
Estimating of energy costs.
Determining of consumption patterns and utility rates.
Establishment of an operational overview.

. Conclusions
Building energy design challenges building designers to think about climate, orientation, daylighting, and the qualities of environment as part of the initial design conception.
It also requires the architectural and engineering disciplines to work as a team early in the design phase and to conceptualise the building as a system.
Architects and engineers who incorporate energy design concepts and methods into their design projects can play a significant role in reducing energy consumption and achieving sustainable energy structure for our society.