Shopping Mall

This is our 4 th year design project Shopping Mall at Aundh.
I have designed on a basic grid pattern , with alcobond cladding..
hows the view?I did it in 1 night.....






Please comment freely..

Difference between Architecture student and other fields student??

Seating infront of my drafting table i was just thinking of my past architecure studies and life...submissions,those late night studies , elevanth our model making , runnig for plotting , xeroxing the jurnals , computer failure befor the day of submissions....list will go on.. that was amazing..but whats the different between us and the other students like medical or enggi students? what do u think?? is there an difference??

architectural presentation-ASPHALT ROOFING

WHAT IS ASPHALT?

A dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens, which occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing.
Asphalt is a constituent in varying proportions of most crude petroleum and used for paving, roofing, industrial and other special purposes.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Asphalt is obtained from fractional distillation of petroleum.
Felt used for paper. This felt is saturated with asphalt shingles and sidings which is used as roofing.
Stabilizers like silica, marble, sandstone etc. are combined with asphalt to control its hardness, elasticity, adhesion and weatherability.

Fine surfacing materials like talc, mica are finely ground and used to prevent the various asphalt materials from sticking together when packed.
Colored granules like natural slate, marble, granite are crushed, screened and graded to sizes.This is used to produce permanent colors.

CATEGORIZATION
Asphalt roofing is categorized as:
Organic
Fiberglass
Fiberglass based asphalt shingles are manufactured with mat composed entirely of glass fibers of varying lengths and orientations. This fiber glass base is then formulated with a special asphalt coating.

TYPES OF ASPHALT ROOFING
There are 6 types of Asphalt roofing .
Surfaced rolls produced from surfaced products.
Sidings.
Strip shingles.
Individual shingles.
Smooth roll roofing from saturated felts.
Built up roofing.

ROLL ROOFING

The wood deck is first cleaned first from any dust.
Hot or cold Asphalt cement as recommended by roofing manufacturer is poured.
The starter strip which is 914 mm wide and has lengths of 43.89 & 21.95.
The strip is then nailed to the deck in 2 rows, which are staggered, and in each row the nails have cc of 304 mm.

The nailing is done on the top of the roll on an offset of 120.65 mm.
The overlapping portion on the starter strip is covered with Asphalt cement.
Then the next roll is laid on the Asphalt cement.The roll overlaps on the starter strip by a distance of 482.6mm.
This strip is also then nailed in the same way.
Roll roofing can also be laid vertically in the same fashion.

Types of roll roofing


STRIP SHINGLES

The wooden deck is first cleaned of dirt and dust.
Felt underlayment is then laid on the wooden deck.
Underlayment is provided to low,sloping roofs.The roll roofing is laid on the deck in the same way as shown above.
The tabs used for the roofing is equal to three shingles.

The starter course or course of full 3-tab shingles reversed is laid and nailed on the underlayment.
The first course is then nailed and then further courses are nailed.
Each course covers the nails of the course below it,giving it a finished appearance.
Care is taken that the edges of the tabs are staggered
This type of roofing is used for slopes of 3to 12 up to 4 to 12

INDIVIDUAL SHINGLES

·       The wooden deck is cleaned.
·       Felt underlayment is laid, the felt underlayment is in roll roofing.
·       Then the starter course of individual shingles is laid and nailed horizontally.
The starter course, which is horizontally laid on quick setting roofing cement and a starting course of quick setting cement in the vertical manner is also laid.

The next courses are laid and nailed staggering to the previous course.
Individual shingles are also found in hexagonal staple down shingles, which give a better aesthetical view and even Dutch lap shingles are also available which are kept in place by L type nails.
This type of roofing is used for roofs with pitch 4 to 12 up to 8 to 12.

Interlocking individual shingles


BUILT-UP ROOFING

·      Built up asphalt roofing consists of alternate layers of hot asphalt cement and asphalt saturated felts.
·      These layers are called 3-ply, 5-ply, etc., according to the number of layers of asphalt-saturated felt.
·      The finished surface consists of slag or various types stone chips.
·      This type of roof is used for roof surfaces with a pitch not greater than 3 to 12.
·      The life of 3-ply roofing is 10 years and for 5-ply roofing is 20 years.


5-ply built-up roofing


DISADVANTAGES

Deterioration begins early in product life-cycle as product sheds its protective granules
Susceptible to blow off in high winds
Scars easily when hot
Susceptible to mildew and moss
Environmentally unfriendly

Defects in organic shingles:
CUPPING
LOSS OF GRANULES


ADVANTAGES
Affordable Cost: Compared to other roofing products, asphalt shingles are relatively inexpensive.
Peace of Mind: Asphalt shingles have been around for over 100 years. They have a proven track record in our harsh climatic conditions.
Suitability: Asphalt shingles are available in a wide selection of sizes, styles and colours, suitable for most residential applications.

Warranty Coverage: Asphalt shingles are protected with warranty periods ranging from 20 years to Lifetime, which will suit any budget and needs.
User-Friendly: Experienced Do-It-Yourselfers can apply asphalt shingles successfully.
Low Maintenance and Easy Repairs: Other more expensive roofing products can require more maintenance, specialized tools, can be more difficult to repair and almost always require professional installation.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBERGLASS SHINGLES
Are more resistant to heat, which may cause blisters to form on softer organic shingles.
On most application, fiberglass shingles require the installation of an asphalt saturated felt underlayment.
Are more resistant to curling, which can happen with organic shingles after many years of service.
Roof assemblies covered with fiberglass shingles have a higher fire resistance rating than roof assemblies covered with organic shingles.

OTHER USES OF ASPHALT
Transportation - highways, railbeds for transit systems, airport runways
Recreational - running tracks, greenway trails, playgrounds, bicycle and golf cart paths, racetracks, basketball and tennis courts
Aquatic - fish hatcheries, reservoir liners, industrial retention ponds, sea walls, dikes and groins to control beach erosion
Residential - driveways, subdivision roads
Agricultural - cattle feed lots, poultry house floors, barn floors, greenhouse floors
Industrial - work sites, log yards, ports, freight yards, landfill ca
Waterproofing on roofs & tanks.
Used in tanking.

PASSIVE FIRE CONTROL

INTRODUCTION



Fire safety is a essential part of any building. Fire safety aspects are of two types :


ACTIVE FIRE CONTROL
PASSIVE FIRE CONTROL






Passive fire protection are those measures taken care of during designing of a structure and does not need any energy consumption.
They directly affect the architecture of the building.
Such means device the methods of assembling of components of a building such that spread of fire is limited to barest minimum.



FIRE SAFETY ASPECTS



Following fire safety aspects are taken care of in passive fire protection :
(1)Internal hazards
(2)Personal hazards
(3)Exposure hazards



1) INTERNAL HAZARDS



Internal hazards are hazards related to building itself and the property inside the building .They depend upon :
• Size, shape, and height of the building
• Material and design of construction
• Contents of the building
• Maintenance of the building

Internal hazards can be countered by :
1.)Fire resistance of the structure
2.)Compartmentation
3.)fire and smoke venting



1)FIRE RESISTANCE OF THE STRUCTURE




This aspect depends on the fire rating of different materials used for construction and the general planning of the building. The materials used for construction should have fire rating as specified by the relevant bylaws and IS codes.



The structural members can also be designed to increase fire resistance of the structure . For instance, the depth of slab, columns, and beams can be increased for additional fire protection.


2) COMPARTMENTATION
The aim of compartmentation is to contain the fire within the building.This is done by minimumising possible area by choking the fire and reducing the fuel .
Compartmentation can be studied under :
Integrity of compartment wall (horizontal compartmentation )
Integrity of compartment floor (vertical compartmentation)
Structural integrity and continuity of its fire
resistance (integral compartmentation )

HORIZONTAL COMPARTMENTATION
Normally in all buildings horizontal compartmentation is achieved by formation of rooms but doors are not sufficiently fire resistant .
The fire resistance of timber door is less than that of wall. To overcome this, doors should be made of composite materials .
Fire proof compartment is a enclosure of which all elements ie doors, windows, ventilators and walls have the required fire resistance . Such compartments should be used in places such as godowns, warehouses factories etc.
Fire proof doors shall confirm rigidity to requirements specified in IS 1648 – 1961.

VERTICAL COMPARTMENTATION
Like horizontal compartmentation vertical compartmentation is similarly achieved by floor slabs . Openings to accommodate vertical circulation can be ready means of passage of fire from one storey to another like staircase, lift chamber as also holes and pipes .
Holes and pipes : The same principles and considerations of combustibility applied to groups of pipe and services both vertically and horizontally .It has been a general rule, for many years, to use a 6 inch non combustible cast iron pipe through a wall for preventing any fire hazards.


STAIRCASE AND LIFTS
It is vitally important that staircases and lifts have the same standards of fire resistance as that of rest of the building .( or at least half hour) for this:
Stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible materials throughout .
Interior of the staircase should have at least one side adjacent wall and shall be completely enclosed.
A staircase shall not be be arranged around a lift shaft unless the later is entirely enclosed by a material of fire-resistance rating as that of the type of the construction itself.
Hollow combustible construction should be avoided.

3) SMOKE AND HEAT VENTING
Smoke and heat venting can be effectively used in structures with
Undivided floor areas with ceiling heights such that in case of fire smoke layer is developed at least 4.5 m above floor level such
conditions are frequently encountered in large industrial and
storage buildings.
The design of fire venting should take care of two cases
The first has to do with limited growth fires ie fires which are not expected to growth beyond a predictable heat release ,
Second type of fire is the one which, if unchecked, will continue to grow to unknown size

In buildings such as factories and ware houses fire curtains are provided at relevant intervals and automatic or manually operated vents are provided .


PRINCIPLES OF VENTING
Hot gases rise vertically from the fire and then flow horizontally below the roof untill blocked by a vertical barrier (ie curtain),thus initiating a layer of hot gases below the roof .
The volume and temperature of gases to be vented depend upon heat release of the fire and the amount of air supply to it .
The depth of layer of hot gases increases , the fire incontinues to grow, and the layer temperature continues to rise untill vents operate .
Operation of vents within a curtained area will unable some of the unable some of the upper layer of hot gases to escape, and slow the rate of deepening of the layer of hot gases. With sufficient venting area,the rate of deepening of layer can be arreste for even reversed .


TYPES OF VENTS
Actually any opening in a roof,over a fire will relieve some heat and smoke , however the casual inclusions of skylights, windows are not reliable.
Vents may be a single unit (entire unit opens fully with a single sensor) or multiple units in rows are, clusters or groups.
If the hazard is localized (solvent storage,dip tank, etc)it is preferable that the vents be located directly above such hazards .
vents should preferably be automatic in operation ie connected in circuit with smoke detectors . However all automatic vents should also be designed to open by manual means.


PERSONAL HAZARDS
The extent of personal hazards depends upon the occupant characteristics or the conditions of occupants in the building which refers to:
Wakefullness of the occupants
Familiarity with building layout
Mobility


ESCAPE ROUTES
Escape routes play a key roll in minimizing personal hazards.
It consists of three distinct parts :
Exit access : the horizontal path from any upper floor starting from any occupied room and leading to the emergency staircase .
Intermediate exits: the vertical path that is staircase or lifts
Exit discharge : the horizontal path from the escape staircase to the final exit in the open area .

DESIGN OF EMERGENCY STAIRCASE
The following requirement should be taken care of the design of emergency staircase :
Fire escapes shall not be taken into account in calculating evacuation time of the building .
Al fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground .
Entrance to fire escapes shall be separate and remote from the internal staircase .
Fire escape routes shall be free of obstructions at all times.
Fire shall be constructed of non combustible materials .
Fire escape steps shall have straight flight not less than 75 cm wide with 15 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm . The number of risers shall be limited to 16 per flight .

DESIGN FOR RAMPS
The following requirements should be taken care while designing the ramps :
Ramps with slope of not more than 1 to 10 may be substituted for and shall comply with all this applicable requirements of required stairways as to enclosure, capacity and limited dimensions. Ramps shall be surfaced with approved non-slipping material . Provided that in the case of public offices , hospitals , assembly halls etc. the slope of the ramp shall not be more than 1 to 12.
The minimum width of the ramps in hospitals shall be 2.25 m
Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.
Ramps shalll lead directly to the outside open space at ground level or courtyards or safe place.


DESIGN FOR LIFTS
The following requirements should be taken care while designing the lift :
All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hours by the lifts . The lifts provided in the building shall not be considered as a means of escape in case of emergency.
Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire service to ground the lifts cars in an emergency shall also be provided.
The lift machine room shall separate and other machinery shall be installed therin .


3)EXPOSURE HAZARDS
Exposure hazards can be resisted by:
a)Isolation from neighborhood structures
b)Access for outside emergency services
c) Proper site planning

a)ISOLATION FROM NEIGHBOURHOOD STRUCTURES
For controlling exposure hazards the distance between buildings play an important role.
The factors which govern the distances are :
occupancy and corresponding fire load ;
Type of construction , which shall be correctly related to the first load and/or the occupancy ;
Height ;
Location ,(i.e. residential or industrial estate )
Front wall facing a road way , street or similar throughout fare;
Back wall , that is , the wall farthest away from the front , and facing the rear space


A)ISOLATION FROM NEIGHBOURHOO STRUCTURES
All the buildings, excluding those with abnormal fire loads having ground or ground and first floor , of construction .
distance between front walls of opposing buildings 9m min
Distance between back walls of opposing buildings 6m min
Sides between back walls of opposing buildings 6 m min


b)ACCESS FOR OUTSIDE EMERGENCY SERVICES
Following points must be taken care of while planning access ways :
The access for fire brigades .
The facades which may be accessible from these roads depending on the number of occupants in the buildings
The height of the building ( less or more than 8m )
The use to which the building is put
Its interior design ( compartmented or in zones )

c)SITE PLANNING
In the site planning , following work station should be kept in isolation with respect to main structure as they involves special fire risk .
Garage areas .
Loading bays
Waste disposal areas
Areas containing central heating plant
Fuel stores
Areas containing refrigeration plant other than small units and display cabinets .
Medium and height voltage transformers.
Ventilation plant rooms .

THE END

Sustainable Architecture in and around pune city

Abstract:- "Architecture presents a unique challenge in the field of sustainability. Construction projects typically consume large amounts of materials, produce tons of waste Sustainably designed buildings aim to lessen their impact on our environment through energy and resource efficiency”.

Purpose and Methodology of research:- Sustainable building involves considering the entire life cycle of buildings, taking environmental quality, functional quality and future values into account.
 In the past, attention has been primarily focused on the size of the building stock in Punes city. Quality issues have hardly played a significant role.
 However, in strict quantity terms, the building and housing market is now saturated in most countries, and the demand for quality is growing in importance.
 Accordingly, policies that contribute to the sustainability of building practices should be implemented, with recognition of the importance of existing market conditions.
 Both the environmental initiatives of the construction sector and the demands of users are key factors in the market.
 Governments will be able to give a considerable impulse to sustainable buildings by encouraging these developments.
 The main objectives of the sustainable architecture are:-
1. Resource Efficiency
2. Energy Efficiency (including Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction)
3. Pollution Prevention (including Indoor Air Quality and Noise Abatement)
4. Harmonization with Environment (including Environmental Assessment)
5. Integrated and Systemic Approaches (including Environmental Management System.

4). Introduction:-
"Sustainable building" can be defined as those buildings that have minimum adverse impacts on the built and natural environment, in terms of the buildings themselves, their immediate surroundings and the broader regional and global setting. "Sustainable building" may be defined as building practices, which strive for integral quality (including economic, social and environmental performance) in a very broad way. Thus, the rational use of natural resources and appropriate management of the building stock will contribute to saving scarce resources, reducing energy consumption (energy conservation), and improving environmental quality.
The idea of environmental sustainability is to leave the Earth in as good or better shape for future generations than we found it for ourselves. By a definition, human activity is only environmentally sustainable when it can be performed or maintained indefinitely without depleting natural resources or degrading the natural environment.

• Resource consumption would be minimal
• Materials consumed would be made ENTIRELY of 100% post-consumer recycled materials or from renewable resources (which were harvested without harm to the environment and without depletion of the resource base)
• Recycling of waste streams would be 100%
• Energy would be conserved and energy supplies would be ENTIRELY renewable and non-polluting (solar thermal and electric, wind power, biomass, etc.)

Three dimension of sustainability:-
1. economic
2. environmental
3. social
1). Economic dimensions of sustainability:
· Creation of new markets and opportunities for sales growth
· Cost reduction through efficiency improvements and reduced energy and raw material inputs
· Creation of additional added value
2). Environmental dimensions of sustainability:

 Reduced waste, effluent generation, emissions to environment
 Reduced impact on human health
 Use of renewable raw materials
 Elimination of toxic substances

3). Social dimensions of sustainability:
· Worker health and safety
· Impacts on local communities, quality of life
· Benefits to disadvantaged groups e.g. disabled
4.1.1 Importance of sustainable architectutre:-
Buildings are significant users of energy and building energy efficiency is a high priority in many countries.
Efficient use of energy is important since global energy resources is finite and power generation using fossil fuels (such as coal and oil) has adverse environmental effects.
The potential for energy savings in the building sector is large.
4.1.2 Assumption
Energy efficient building design is location-dependent. The local climate must be considered when selecting appropriate design strategies.


4.2. BASIC PRINCIPLES
4.2.1 Climate and Site
Climate has a major effect on building performance and energy consumption. Energy-conscious design requires an understanding of the climate.
Buildings will respond to the natural climatic environment in two ways:

Thermal response of the building structure (heat transfer and thermal storage).
Response of the building systems (such as HVAC and lighting systems).
To gain the maximum benefits from the local climate, building design must "fit" its particular climate.

When faced with unfavourable climatic conditions, optimal siting and site design may solve all or part of the problems. Site elements to be considered include:
Topography - slopes, valleys, hills and their surface conditions.
Vegetation - plant types, mass, texture.
Built forms - surrounding buildings and structures.
Water - cooling effects, ground water, acquifiers.
The six important aspects of architectural planning which will affect thermal and energy performance of buildings are: [see Figure 2]
Site selection
Layout
Shape
Spacing
Orientation
Mutual relationship
Architectural and landscape designs should be closely integrated. If possible, should provide wind breaks in cold winter and access to cooling breezes in summer.
4.2.2 Building Envelope
Elements of the building envelope (= "protective skin"):
Walls (exterior)
Windows
Roof
Underground slab and foundation
Three factors determining the heat flow across the building envelope:
Temperature differential
Area of the building exposed
Heat transmission value of the exposed area
The use of suitable thermal mass and thermal insulation is important for controlling the heat flow. Remember, the envelope components will respond "dynamically" to changing ambient conditions. Some people also consider the "embodied energy" (include energy for producing and transporting) of building materials when making the selection.

4.2.3 Building Systems
Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems are installed to provide for occupant comfort, health and safety. They are usually the key energy users and their design is affected by architecture features and occupant needs.


While being energy efficient, HVAC systems should have a degree of flexibility to allow for future extensions and change.
To achieve optimum energy efficiency, designers should evaluate:
Thermal comfort criteria
Load calculation methods
System characteristics
Equipment and plant operation (part-load)
Lighting systems is another key energy user and additional cooling energy will be required to remove the heat generated by luminaires.
Energy efficient lighting should ensure that:
Illumination is not excessive.
Switching is provided to turn off unnecessary light.
Illumination is provided in an efficient manner.

General design strategies for lighting design:
Combination of general and task lighting.
Electric lighting integrated with daylight.
The use of energy efficient lamps and luminaires.
Use light-coloured room surfaces.
Other building services systems consuming energy include:
Electrical installations
Lifts and escalators
Water supply systems
Town gas supply system
4.3. Technologies
4.3.1 Passive Cooling and Sun Control
Passive systems - internal conditions are modified as a result of the behaviour of the building form and fabric.
General strategies for passive heating and cooling:
Cold winters - maximise solar gain and reduce heat loss.
Hot summers - minimise solar gain and maximise heat removal.
Correct orientation and use of windows.
Appropriate amounts of thermal mass and insulation.
Provision for ventilation (natural).
Strategies for shading and sun control:
External projection (overhangs and side fins).
External systems integral with the window frame or attached to the building face, such as lourves and screens.
Specially treated window glass, such as heat absorbing and reflecting glass.
Internal treatments either opaque or semi-opaque, such as curtains and blinds.
For hot and humid climate like india, extensive shading without affecting ventilation is usually required all year round. Shading of the east and west facades is more important.
4.3.2 Daylighting
Daylight can be used to augment or replace electric lighting. Efficient daylighting design should consider:
Sky conditions
Site environment
Building space and form
Glazing systems
Artificial lighting systems
Air-conditioning systemsThe complex interaction between daylight, electric lights and HVAC should be studied carefully in order to achieve a desirable .

Advanced window technologies have been developed to change/switch the optical properties of window glass so as to control the amount of daylight. There are also innovative daylighting technologies now being investigated:
Light pipe systems
Light shelves
Mirror systems
Prismatic glazing
Holographic diffracting systems

4.3.3 HVAC Systems
Energy efficiency of many HVAC sub-systems and equipment has been improved gradually over the years, such as in air systems, water systems, central cooling and heating plants.
Energy efficient HVAC design now being used or studied include:
Variable air volume (VAV) systems to reduce fan energy use.
Outside air control by temperature/enthalpy level.
Heat pump and heat recovery systems
Building energy management and control systems.
Natural ventilation and natural cooling strategies.

Thermal storage systems (such as ice thermal storage) are also being studied to achieve energy cost saving. Although in principle they will not increase energy efficiency, they are useful for demand-side management.

4.3.4 Active Solar and Photovoltaics
Solar thermal systems (active solar) provide useful heat at a low temperature. This technology is mature and can be applied to hot water, space heating, swimming pool heating and space absorption cooling.The system consists of solar collectors, a heat storage tank and water distribution mains. An integrated collector storage system has also been developed recently to eliminate the need for a separate storage


Photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight into electricity using a semi-conductor device. The main advantages of PV systems include:
Reasonable conversion efficiencies (6-18%).
PV modules can be efficiently integrated in buildings, minimising visual intrusion.
Their modularity and static character.
High reliability and long lifetime.
Low maintenance cost.
In practice, PV technology can be used for central generation or building-integrated systems (BIPV). The systems can be of the standalone type, hybrid type or grid-connected type. Although the cost of PV is still high at present, it may become cost-effective in the hear future.

4.4. Evaluation Methods
4.4.1 Bioclimatic Design
The integration of design, climate and human comfort -- the bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism -- was first proposed in mide-1950s by Victor and Aladar Olgyay.
Their intention was to highlight the belief that architectural design should begin with understanding of the physiological needs of human comfort and take advantage of local climatic elements to optimise these requirements naturally and efficiently.
Building design itself is conceived as a natural energy systems that restores environmental quality to its site.
The aim is to creat a supportive and productive environment that ultimately can contribute to sustaining the regional and global environment.
4.4.2 Building Thermal and Energy Simulation
Nowadays, building energy design often require the analytical power to study complicated design scenerio. Computer-based building energy simulation will provide this power and allow greater flexibility in design evaluation.
The simulation method is based upon load and energy calculations in HVAC design. The purpose is to study and determine the energy characteristics of buildings and their building systems.
The cost effectiveness of any energy conservation measures will be a compromise between initial, maintenance and energy costs. Simulation techniques can provide the tools for assessing different design options based on their energy performance and life cycle costs.4.4.3 Building Energy Audits
Building energy auditing can be defined as "measuring and recording actual energy consumption, at site, of a completed and occupied building (expressed in units of energy, not monetary value); fundamentally for the purposes of reducing and minimising energy usage".
Energy audits identify areas where energy is being used efficiently or is being wasted, and spotlight areas with the largest potential for energy saving. They are useful for establishing consumption patterns, understanding how the building consumes energy, how the system elements interrelate and how the external environment affects the building.
There are different approaches to conducting a full building energy audit, but the following stages are often adopted:
Stage 1 - An audit of historical data
Stage 2 - Survey
Stage 3 - Detailed investigation and analysis
A proper energy audit is useful for more than energy conservation goals. Energy audits can be employed to assist in areas such as:
Establishment of data bank and consumption records.
Estimating of energy costs.
Determining of consumption patterns and utility rates.
Establishment of an operational overview.

. Conclusions
Building energy design challenges building designers to think about climate, orientation, daylighting, and the qualities of environment as part of the initial design conception.
It also requires the architectural and engineering disciplines to work as a team early in the design phase and to conceptualise the building as a system.
Architects and engineers who incorporate energy design concepts and methods into their design projects can play a significant role in reducing energy consumption and achieving sustainable energy structure for our society.

IMPACT ANALYSIS OF MODERN MATERIAL ON ENVIRONMENT -ALUCOBOND CLADDING FOR BUILDING FACADES

Acknowledgement -
I would like to take this opportunity, to express our gratitude to all those who have been instrumental in the completion of this report.
I express my thanks to our subject teacher Ar. A. V. Dixit. It was because of them I was able to select the right topic for the subject.
I would like to thank all my friends other people who have directly or indirectly assisted me in some way or the other for successful completion of this report.



- Introduction -
Modern Trend:

In the recent years, builders and architects have mainly preferred Alucobond as a construction material to turn their ideas into reality. For every project, strategy is to achieve a smooth completion lies in an early co-ordination between vision, architectural plans and the many possibilities which unique panels give to fabricators and installers. Part of the success of Alucobond is due to its durability and resistance against corrosion.
Alucobond adapts perfectly to the building’s contours. It can easily be cut and shaped, without having to compromise on the factory applied surface finish. Whether soft curves or straight lines rising into the sky, Alucobond provides an economical design. The superb properties of this material boost inspiration and offer a whole new range of innovative solutions to the building designs.
In India Alucobond is extensively used mainly in the construction of office buildings in the major cities. Thus, it has become modern building material and now has form a corporate identity.

Inspiration :
Designers and builders are attracted by the extraordinary flatness of Alucobond. Alucobond is unbeatable when it comes to colour consistency, excellent formability, flatness, rigidity, weather resistance and ease of maintenance. The combination of all these advantageous characteristics makes Alucobond one of the most versatile materials for interior and exterior design.
Alucobond also inspires new horizons in interior decoration, be it for galleries, reception areas, passage ways, shops, airports, banks or trade fairs and exhibitions. Through the use of exclusive colours and innovative shapes, this material offers impressive decorative solutions for the creation of outstanding and unique interior designs.


The graph above shows that Alucobond panels achieve required rigidity with minimum thickness and deadweight as compared to the other materials.

Need of research:

Nowadays Alucobond has been extensively used in the construction and its use is going to increase in the future. Thus there is need to check the sustainability of the material towards the environment and its impact on the nature.
The effects of Global Warming have created the need of research on such extensively used products in different fields all over the world. The worldwide organizations are studying impact on these materials on the nature. All these research is based on the life-cycle of such a materials.
Also there is need of research on the worldwide use of the Alucobond. The use of Alucobond is efficiently proven suitable for the climate in the cold countries. But its use in tropical countries like India needs to be study to check its suitability.

- Case Studies -

In India, the major cities like Pune, Bangalore are getting developed with a predominant growth of information technology sector and its associated infrastructure. All these IT structures are coming out with the extensive use of Alucobond enveloped exterior giving it corporate identity.

These buildings are producing impact of modernization on the surroundings. There is need to study its impact on the users associated with the buildings. Also there seems lack of natural ventilation system. For the users of the building following questions needed to be ask.

# What does users inside feel?
# Does these buildings lack natural ventilation?
# Are the users comfortable with artificial ventilation?


- Interviews -

Amod Kamate, Computer engineer at Infosys, Hinjewadi IT Park, Pune.
“ The building really looks amazing from outside..! and from inside all the working spaces are air conditioned. So its very comfortable inside.” he said.

Shantanu Limaye, Software engineer at Infosys, Hinjewadi IT Park, Pune.
“ I don’t know about the need of natural ventilation but air condition has to be there inside. For the equipments like electronic machinery, computers etc. they needed to be protected from the dust.” says Shantanu.

Shailesh Jadhav, Maintenance dept at Infosys, Hinjewadi IT Park, Pune.
“We have to spent more money for air conditioning but it helps to reduce cost of maintenance of machines. Its like that every advantage is associated with certain disadvantage and vice versa” ,says Mr. Jadhav.

‘ The building has good aesthetics’ , the common reaction of user as well as from people in surroundings. The buildings with the combination of glass n Alucobond have certainly created the impact of modernization on the surrounding areas.

- Discussion –

Sustainability towards the environment :

Sustainability involves much more than just the environmental compatibility of a product. Instead, a broad range of sustainability aspects must be taken into account over the entire life cycle of the product, such as social impacts and long-term impacts on resource availability, climate change and consumer behavior, which can be triggered indirectly by the use of the product.
Life cycle thinking :
Life Cycle Thinking is an approach to address and analyze all the activities in regard to risks, opportunities, and value creation in order to find the best overall solutions.

At each stage of the product or service life cycle, there is resource consumption (as indicated by the green arrows) and production impacts (as indicated by the blue arrows).

A life cycle of a product starts with raw material extraction, continues with the fabrication of the products, assembling of the final product as well as its use and maintenance, and concludes with the end-of-life operations. This last stage includes recycling of materials and, after adequate treatment, final disposal of waste.

For recyclable products such as aluminum products, a life cycle can be modeled cradle-to-cradle by a product system where the recycled material can substitute primary material. Only the material that is lost at the different stages of the life cycle needs to be replaced by primary material.
Aluminum’s recyclability: the energy required to recycle aluminum is only 5% of that required to produce it from ore, and at the end of a building’s natural life, almost 90% of its aluminum is recycled.
According to the Green Building Council, an upfront investment of 2% of construction costs in green building designs, on average, results in savings of 20% over the lifecycle of the building—i.e., 10 times the initial investment. While aluminum boasts many lifecycle and environmental advantages, its “green value” in a given project is evaluated based on its performance in a specific application.

2. Impact on users of the building :

‘ The building has good aesthetics’ , the common reaction of user as well as from people in surroundings. The buildings with the combination of glass n Alucobond have certainly created the impact of modernization n corporate identity.
Need of Air-conditioning:
The no. of users working and visiting is more for such type of buildings. Thus the heat generation inside the building is also more. Also the industries have no. of electronic machinery, computers etc. which contributes a lot in the generation of heat. Therefore the use of air conditioning is must for these kind of buildings.

3. Innovation towards the energy generation :

Technology is a key part of the solution for sustainable development. Innovation and technology are tools for achieving higher resource efficiency and a reduced environmental impact. There is need of research and development toward enhancing the sustainability of production processes and developing sustainable products.
A Future project of Engineered Products showcases a photovoltaic module building application, where building facades are used for solar-based electricity production. The use of these special building and facade surfaces extends the application beyond simply protecting the building from weather impacts and providing aesthetics to also being used to generate electricity by transforming sunlight (photovoltaic). Assuming that the technological challenges of manufacturing competitive photovoltaic facade components can be solved, such modules could enable a widespread integration of sustainable energy generation into modern buildings.


- Conclusion -

Aluminum’s recyclability: the energy required to recycle aluminum is only 5% of that required to produce it from ore, and at the end of a building’s natural life, almost 90% of its aluminum is recycled. In the total life cycle of aluminum, the recycled material can substitute primary material during the production. Only the material that is lost at the different stages of the life cycle needs to be replaced by primary material. Thus aluminum proves its sustainability towards the environment.



The functions of these office buildings have removed the scope for natural ventilation. The more no. users and electronic machines, computers etc. which generates lot of heat inside these buildings. For the amount of heat generated in such buildings, natural ventilation may not be worked out efficiently. Thus the need of artificial ventilation aroused and the no. of openings on the building facades reduced. This would have led the designers and architect to envelope the buildings facades with Alucobond for good aesthetics.



Now there is need to reduced the economical load on the artificial ventilation by sustainable energy generation system. Technology is a key part of the solution for sustainable development. Alucobond panels can be manufactured as a photovoltaic module building application, where the building facades are used for solar based electricity production. Thus the use of these special building facades extends the application beyond simply protecting the building from weather impact and providing aesthetics also being use to generate electricity from sunlight. Such a module could enable a wide spread integration of sustainable energy generation into modern buildings.

- Abstract-
Nowadays the alucobond panels are extensively used to cover the external facades of the building for better aesthetical values because of its inherent properties. Thus alucobond has became modern building material. In the future its use is going to increase.
Thus there is need to study the impact of such material on environment and its sustainability towards the environment. Further the material can be look forward for the energy generation module. Also there is need to study its impact on the surroundings communities or people.

Architectural design competitions 2008

For the architectural competitions click below links..

http://www.thearchitectureroom.com/

http://www.thuthiemcompetition.com/

PARQUET FLOORING

INTRODUCTION…

PARQUET IS THE TYPE OF WOODEN FLOORING . THERE ARE DIFFERENT FLOORING AVAILABLE IN TIMBER TYPE.
SHEET FLOORING
SOFTWOOD BOARDS
HARDWOOD BOARDS
WOODBLOCK FLOORING
STRIP FLOORING
BOARD FLOORING
OVERLAY FLOORING
FLOATING BOARDS
PARQUET FLOORING.

PARQUET…
PARQUET IS RECOGNIZED BY MOST PEOPLE AS BEING SMALL PIECES OF WOOD SET OUT IN A PATTERN AS A FLOOR

PARQUETS FLOORS USUALLY CONSISTS OF SMALL BLOCKS OF HARDWOOD , BETWEEN 20 AND 30 MM ( 0.75 INCH & 2.75 INCH ) THICK , LAID OUT IN VARIOUS GEOMETRIC PATTERNS AND DESIGNS.

TRADITIONALLY BLOCKS WERE LAID LIKE BRICKS IN HERRINGBONE PATTERN FOLLOWING THE DIRECTION OF TRAVEL ACROSS THE ROOM WITH A STRAIGHT BORDER OF BLOCKS AROUND THE PERIMETER OF THE WALLS.

THEY ARE LAID OVER TIMBER , THICK PLYWOOD , PARTICLE BOARD AND SOMETIMES ON CONCRETE WITH A THICK ANIMAL OR EPOXY RESIN GLUE.
IN A GREAT BRITAIN AND MOST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES PARQUETS ARE ALSO NAILED AT EACH OTHER WITH PANEL PINS WHICH ARE PUNCHED AND STOPPED.
IT IS A THIN BLOCK FLOORING.

ORIGIN OF PARQUET WAS IN BULGERIA.
MAIN MANUFACTURER COUNTRY FOR PARQUET (BIG SIZE TILE) IS MALAYSIA.

MATERIALS……
PARQUET IS GENERALLY REGARDED AS BEING MADE OF WOOD.
THAT WOOD IS USUALLY HARDWOOD.
HOWEVER , SOFTWOODS MAY BE USED TO GREAT EFFECT.
IN THE NORTHEN HEMISPHER OAK IS THE MOST COMMON BASE TIMBER . THOUGH MANY OTHER , TIMBERS ARE ALSO USED AS THE BACKGROUND TIMBER
DESIGNS MAY BE EXECUTED IN ONE SPECIES OR MULTIPLE SPECIES , UTILIZING SUBTLE OR VIVID CONTRASTS IN COLOUR AND GRAIN PATTERN O ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULTS.
OTHER MATERIALS MAY BE INCORPORATED . THOUGH CAPABLE OF ELEGANT COMBINATION , STONE AND WOOD FLOORS ARE NOT COMMON.
METALS , SHELLS , FOSSILES , CERAMICS , LEATHER , GLASS , ANY DURABLE MATERIAL CAN BE INCORPORATED BY THE IMAGINATIVE.

SIZES…..
PARQUET WOODEN FLOORING IS NOT NORMALLY THICKER THAN 15MM SET OUT IN A PATTERN CREATED OF A PIECE WITH STRAIGHT SIDES.
THICKNESS OF PARQUET MAY VARY FROM AS THIN AS TO 1MM TO 15MM. TODAY THE PARQUET FLOORS ARE MAJORITILY CREATED FROM SOLID HARDWOOD AT BETWEEN 6MM TO 10MM THICKNESS.
STANDARD CZAR FLOORS ARE 15MM FULL THICK SOLID HARDWOOD WITHOUT PLYWOOD BACKING.

INSTALLATION…
IN OLD DAYS PARQUET FLOORS WOULD BE ASSEMBLED AND GLUED INTO INTRICATE PATTERN RIGHT ON JOB-SITE.
TODAY SOME COMPANIES USE PLYWOOD BACKING TO PREASSEMBLE THE PARQUET OR WOODEN STRIPS OR BOARDS WHICH ARE ARRANGED IN PATTERNS TONGUE AND GROOVED OR GLUED TO EACH OTHER ARE BAINDED BY CANVAS FOR PROPER BONDING WITH THE FLOORS.
SOMETIMES ALL PIECES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY SPECIAL PLASTIC TAPE ON THE SURFACE AND THIN LAYER OF GLUE ON BACK. THIS TAPE IS TO BE REMOVED AFTER INSTALLATION .TAPE IS USED TO PROTECT THE SURFACE AND EASY HANDLING OF THE TILE DURING INSTLLATON .

WHEN PARQUETS ARE LAID ON CONCRETE THE SURFACE MUST BE WELL CLEAND BY SWEEPING AND THEN ONE HEAVY COAT OF BITUMEL PRIMER MUST BE APPLIED EVENLY AND GIVEN 24 HOURS IN WHICH TO DRY . A CONCRETE FLOOR MUST BE COVERED FIRST WITH A HEAVY-DUTY SINGLE LAYER BITUMINOUS WATER PROOFING MEMBRANE OVER A PRIMING COAT OF HOT BITUMEN .
PARQUETS LEND THEMSELVES TO MANY BEAUTIFUL AND DISTINCT IVE DESIGNS AND A PARTICULARLY ATTRACTIVE PARQUET OF TEAK 228.6MM. (9 INCH ) BY 44.5MM (1.75 INCH ) BY 12.7 MM. (0.5 INCH ) IN SIZE IS MANUFACTURED IN MALAYSIA . THIS IS TONGUE AND GROOVE WITH THE ENDS ALSO GROOVED .

ANOTHER UNIQUE AND INTERIGUING DESIGN IS THE WINDSOR IN THE HEXAGONAL PATTERN .
MOSAIC PARQUET…
THIS IS MADE UP OF SMALL PIECES OF WOOD , OF REGULAR FORM , CALLED FINGERS WHICH THEY CLOSELY RESEMBLE. THE LENGGTH OF THE FINGERS IS GROOVED BY THE NUMBER TO BE USED IN EACH MODULE , WHICH VARY FROM FOUR TO SEVEN OR MORE AND THE PATTERN TO BE SAID.
ALTHOUGH THE MAKE UP OF MOSAIC PARQUET MAY VARYY CONSIDERABLY FROM COUNTRY TO COUNTRY , THE PATTERN IS ALWAYS BASED ON SMALL STRIPS OF WOOD (FINGERS)OR ON COMBINATIONS OF OTHER SHAPES AND SIZES , AND ALL ARE OBLONG (PANELS) .

EACH PANEL OF MOSAIC PARQUET MODULE IS HELD BY A SHEET OF ROBUST PAPER WHICH IS STICK OVER EACH PANEL , AFTER IT HAS BEEN ASSEMBLED IN A FRAME.

ADVANTAGES & PROPERTIES…..
WATERPROOFED
AESTETICALLY LOOKS GOOD
DURABLE
CAN BE ARRANGED ON EXISTING FLOOR.
CREATES UNIQUE ATMOSPHERE .
BRINGS WARNTH & LIGHT TO HOUSE.
IT IS A DECORATIVE SURFACE AND NOT A LOAD BEARING SURFACE.

COSTING…..
THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT COMPANIES IN MARKET SUCH AS ----
WINDSOR
CZAR
WIPARQUET..

COST VARIES FROM SIZE TO SIZE AND ALSO FROM COMPANY TO COMPANY.
ALSO COST VARIES FROM PATTERN TO PATTERN.
TILES ARE AVAILABLE IN SQ. FT. SIZE.
APPROXIMATELY COST VARIES FROM RS.125/- TO RS.300/- .

PLASTERING

INTERNAL PLASTERING
Plastering is a relatively cheap means of providing a durable hygienic surface to walls and ceilings.
First class plastering is done in three coats
Rendering coat-10mm
Floating coat -6mm
setting coat -3mm
Hence giving a total thickness of 19mm
Now for much general building work, the render coat is omitted, the floating coat is made thicker and the overall thickness is 16mm. Which is sufficient for all but very rough walls.

MATERIALS USED
Formerly, lime plaster was the basic material for this purpose, mixed with sand and more latterly, cement, for certain layers; the constituents are measured by volume.
The lime used was non-hydraulic or fat lime prepared in a pit on the site one month before use by mixing Quicklime, obtained by burning Limestone in a kiln.
This was a lengthy procedure and hence lime plasters have been replaced by Calcium Sulphate or Gypsum plasters.
ADVANTAGES
set within a few hours
produce a harder finish
expand slightly on setting
The addition of lime reduces hardness and in final coats decoration by oil paints cannot proceed until the wall has dried out ; this may take 6 to 12 months.

MATERIALS
CALCIUM SULPHATE PLASTERS
This is class A plaster.
Gypsum is the raw material.
When mixed with water it sets within few minutes, so it is unsuitable for general plasterwork but it may be used for patching.
An additive or retarder must be incorporated to delay the set and so produce class B plasters which are softer than the remaining two classes.
Classes C and D are slow in hardening and so an additive is an accelerator to make them suitable for plastering.
These can be used for both under and finishing coats except for one coat on plasterboard or fibreboard due to insufficient adhesion.

GENERAL
The mixing water should be clean and free from impurities.
The sand should be clean and well graded; rounded particles are preferred to the harsher kinds and a clay and silt content; upto a maximum of 5%.
Plaster should be stored in a dry place.
Cement should not be mixed with gypsum plasters.
Class B plasters can be allowed to dry to dry out immediately after application, bit classes C and D require upto 48 hours for adequate hydration and so should not be permitted to dry during this period.
All classes should be applied before they start to stiffen and re-tempering after the commencement of the initial set must not be allowed.
Tools and mixing boards should be thoroughly cleaned after each batch has been used because portions of plaster left on the boards will accelerate the set of the neat mix.
The intermixing of different classes is inadvisable.
Gypsum plasters cannot be used in damp situations and lime or preferably cement plasters are better in such places
Gypsum mixes are best for concrete walls.
For brickwork 1cement: 2lime: 9sand are suitable.
Brick walls must have their joints raked out 10mm.
Smooth concrete surfaces must be roughened by
hacking
the application of thin 1cement: 2sand splatterdash coating or
applying a retarder.
The cracking of plaster frequently occurs where there is a change of background; between the wall and ceiling. This can be prevented by having a cornice or by making a horizontal cut with a trowel at the junction.
For 6mm thick plastering a single coat more than 6mm thick is applied and it is then levelled.
For 25mm thick plaster two coats: first one 18mm and second one 7 mm is applied.
For cement finishing, a coat of pure Portland cement slurry (1.5mm thick) shall be applied to the plastered surface with a trowel while the first coat is still plastic.

FINISHING
When no finish is specified the plastered surface shall be rubbed well to an even plane with a wooden float for external surfaces and finished smooth with a steel trowel for internal surfaces.

PALSTERING TECHNIQUE
After the fixing of door and window frames, skirting plugs etc have been completed, the surfaces to be plastered are cleaned.
Wall surfaces are done first and those that are very porous are dampened if necessary.
Before the undercoat has hardened the surface is well scratched for the next layer.
Screeds or 150mm wide strips of floating coat are then formed vertically at 1.8 to 3m intervals, they are made plumb and in exact alignment.
Intermediate screeds are then made about 1m apart and the spaces between are filled and levelled as before.
The surface is again roughened, the setting coat applied, and this is polished with a steel trowel just before it sets.
Cement and/or lime undercoats must be allowed to dry before further coats are added and unlike gypsum mixes, the surfaces must be sprinkled with water.
Skirting, architraves and other cover moulds should not be fastened until the plastering has set.

PLASTERING FAILURES
Poor adhesion caused by high suction of the backing, too rapid drying out or by moisture being imprisoned in the wall which subsequently emerges through the plaster in the form of blisters. (Due to inadequate key and incorrect choice of plaster).

Cracking due to shrinkage on drying out, it is associated with cement or lime mixes. Movement of the background is also responsible, as drying of timber ceiling joints.

EXTERNAL PLASTERING
EXTERNAL PLASTERING OR RENDERING
Rendered walls are an alternative finish to facing bricks, they can be made in different colours and are used in places where clay bricks would be out of harmony with the surrounding landscape.
Rendering is used extensively as a waterproof finish to no-fines concrete walls, such walls are made from 300mm thickness and upwards and consist of 1 part cement: 8 parts of large aggregate (13mm); sand is not included in the mix.
Gypsum plaster mixes are quite unsuitable for external rendering; much traditional work still exists and this is made of lime mixes protected by paint.
Cement: lime: sand mixes are now adopted and the proportions of these is dependent on the nature of the background and on the degree of exposure.
The bricks should be well fired and durable and the joints raked out 13mm.
Surfaces should be dampened if they are too dry before plastering starts and strong finishing coats must not be applied over weaker undercoats.

TYPES OF FINISHES
SAND FACED FINISH
Base Coat- It shall be of cement mortar 1:4.
Water proofing compound of approved make like Pudlo, Sika, Accoproof shall be added according to the makers instructions.
Thickness-15mm for brick work and 20mm for rubble masonry.
Base coat shall be dried for minimum 2 days.
Sand faced treatment- The cement mortar shall have washed Kharsalia or Kasaba or similar type of approved sand with slightly larger proportions of coarse material.
The cement to sand proportion shall be 1:4.
Water is added gradually to make the mixture homogeneous.
Thickness of finishing coat- 8mm
Surface to be finished with a wooden float.
Surface to be kept moist for 14 days continuously.

ROUGHCAST FINISH

Base coat- The first coat shall be of cement mortar 1:4.
Finished thickness- 12mm for brick masonry or concrete surfaces
15mm for rubble masonry
Plaster shall be laid by throwing the mortar on the prepared surface, with a trowel in an uniform layer, and pressed to form a good bond.
The surface shall be roughened.

Second coat- Consists of aggregate which may vary in size from 5 to 8 mm and may consist of specially graded mixture mixed with fine sand and cement.
The proportion of cement to sand and aggregate shall be 1:1.5:3.
It should be applied while the first coat is still soft and plastic.
It should be about 12mm thick

PEBBLE DASH FINISH
The mix and procedure is the same as for rough casting except that the thrown-on coat consists of dry pebbles or crushed gravel only; the pebbles tend to drop off any time.

ROUGH CAST CEMENT PLASTER WITH COLOURED FINISH
High grade mineral pigment shall be mixed with ordinary cement to obtain the shade and tint as approved by the engineer.

MACHINE MADE FINISH (Tyrolean)
The undercoat procedure is the same as for the scraped finish.
The final coat is thrown on by the blades of a small hand machine, alternatively it can be sprayed on by a hose delivering the mix by air pressure.

NEERU FINISH
Preparation of surface- The plaster surface shall be combed lightly with wire brushes or nails before it is completely set to form key for neeru.
The undercoat shall only be damped evenly but not soaked before the application of neeru.
Application- Neeru shall be applied to the prepared and partially set but somewhat plastic surface with steel trowel to a thickness slightly exceeding 1.5mm and rubbed down to 1.5 mm thickness and polished to a perfectly smooth and even finish, working from top to bottom.
Moistening shall be commenced as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently and is not susceptible to injury.
Soaking of wall shall be avoided and only as much water as can be readily absorbed is used.
The surface shall be kept sprinkled with water for 14 days.

MUD PLASTER
12mm thickness for brick and 20mm for stone surfaces.
Mud mortar- Shall be prepared from none but well tempered clay or brick earth free from vegetation, gravel and other rubbish.
The clay is to be shifted fine and mixed with cow dung equal to 25% of its volume.
The mixture shall be soaked in water for 24 hours and left for a week or two without allowing it to dry.
Application- Mud mortar shall be applied in two coats on the surface to be treated, well pressed and floated with wooden floats.
Before the second coat is applied the first coats must be allowed to set bit not become dry.
After having been floated, the second coat of plaster shall be allowed to dry. The cracks that open out during drying shall be filled with a mixture of cow dung and clay.
Finishing- The plaster shall then receive one coat of moderately liquid mixture of equal parts of cow dung and finely powdered clay well mixed with water.

MODE OF MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT
For jambs, soffits, sills, etc, for openings. Not exceeding .5 sq.m. each in area, ends of joists, beams, posts, girders, etc. not exceeding 500sq.cm. each in area and opening not exceeding 3sq.m. each, deductions and additions shall be made in the following manner-
No deductions shall be made for ends of joists, beams, posts etc. not exceeding 500sq.cm. and for openings not exceeding .5sq.m. each and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills etc, of these openings nor for finishing the plaster around ends of joists, beams, posts etc.
Deduction for openings not exceeding .5sq.m. but not exceeding 3 sq.m. each shall be made as follows and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills of these openings-
when only one face is plastered no deductions shall be made
when both faces are plastered, deduction shall be made for one face only for square openings without considering splays, if may.
When two faces of a wall are plastered with different plasters or if one face is plastered and other pointed, deduction shall be made from the plaster or pointing on the side of frames for doors, windows etc.
In case of openings of area above 3 sq.m. each, deductions shall be made for the actual openings, but jambs, soffits and sills shall be measured and paid.

Ceilings with projecting beams, shall be measured with their plastered surfaces and added to the plastering on ceilings when plaster is thicker than 6mm but finishing plaster upto 6mm shall not be paid for separately.
The measurements of lengths of wall plastering shall be taken between walls or partitions and for the top of floor or skirting to the top of wall for height.
Ribs and mouldings shall be measured separately.
Sides of plasters, projections, etc., shall be added to the plaster on walls.

RENAISSANCE

INTRODUCTION

A NEW STYLE OF FORTIFICATION WITH EARTH WORKS BASTIONS AND ARTILLARY RESISTANT WALL DEVELOPED.

VAST OPEN SPACES WERE LEFT AT THE CENTRE OF TOWNS FOR COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES.

GREAT EMPHASIS ON ELEVATION TREATMENT OF BUILDING ROADS CAN BE SEEN.

TRADES BROUGHT THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PEOPLE TO TOWNS SITUATED OF THE MAIN CROSS ROADS.

OWNERS OF THE LANDS SHIFTED TO THE MERCHANTS AND THE POWER OF THE FEUDAL LORDS DIMINISHED.

PRINTING PRESS WAS INVENTED AND WAYS WERE DEVISED TO IMPROVE THE SIMPLE HAND MACHINES.

GUN POWDER WAS INVEVENTED IN THE 15TH C; AND NEW TECHNIQUES OF WARFARE WERE INTRODUCED, WHICH CHANGE THE WAR STRATEGIES AND OLD FORTIFICATIONS WERE FOUND INADEQUATE.

THE CONTRAST BETWEEN THE RICH MERCHANTS AND THE POOR INCREASED AND HENCE, THE INSECURITY OF LIFE OF THE POOR ALSO INCREASED.

AS A RESULT RELIGION AGAIN BECAME VERY IMPORTANT AND THE DISPLAY AND EXHIBITIONISM WERE MANIFESTED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF FORMAL AND MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS DRAWING UPON THE CLASSICAL HERITAGE OF ROME.

MAINLY TWO TYPES OF MANIFESTATION ARE NOTICED IN THIS PERIOD:

1.NEW TOWNS WERE FOUND IN WHICH THE CENTRAL AND THE MOST DOMINATING BUILDINGS WERE THOSE OF THE NOBLES,I.E,THE COURTS OF THE KINGS.

FOR EXAMPLE: VERSALILLES IN FRANCE, CANBERRA IN AUSTRALIA AND WASHINGTON D.C. IN U.S.A. MAJOR PARTS OF LONDON IN U.K. WAS DESIGNED BY CHRISTOPHER WREN.

CITY OF KARLSRUHE

A-PALACE
B-GARDENS
C-TOWNS
IN THE OLD MEDIEVAL TOWNS THAT EXISTED, DEVELOPMENT WAS DONE IN THE DESIGNING OF THE PUBLIC CONGREGATION PLACES LIKE SQUARES, PIAZZAS (PLAZAS).


FOR EXAMPLE: THE PIAZZA OF ST. MARKS, VIENCE.

PIAZZA OF ST. PETERS.

PIAZZA DEL POPOLO, ROME.

PLACE DES VICTORES, PARIS.

ST.PETERS PLAZA

THE DESIGN SHIFTED FROM THE ENCLOSED ARCHITECTURAL TO AN EXTENSION AND EXPANSION OF OPEN SPACES.

SEVERAL EXISTING SQUARES WERE CONNECTED BY THE TREE LINED AVENUES AS IN PARIS.

ST.MARKS PIAZZA AND ITS DEVELOPMENT




VERSAILLES IN FRANCE:

S. LOUIS XII ORDERED LE NORTE TO DESIGN THE GARDENS OF VERSAILLES.

THE SPACES CREATED WERE OF UNPARALLED PROPORTION AND A SCALE OF INCOMPREHENSIBLE SIZE.

ALL ROADS LEAD TO THE CENTRE OF TOWN I.E, TOWARDS THE PALACE, PLAZAS WERE OPEN AND LESS CONFINED OF THE COUNTRYSIDE.



DESIGN SHIFTED FROM WALL IN ARCHITECTURAL FORMS TO AN EMPHASIZED BY COLONNADES AND ENTRANCE LINED BY AVENUES.

STAR SHAPED FORTIFICATION AND A CENTRAL CORE IS IDEAL CITY.

RENAISSANCE DESIGNERS FROZE THE STREETS WHICH RADIATED FROM THE CENTRE.

SUCH DESIGN EMERGED AROUND THE MIDDLE OF THE 15TH. C; FROM THE IMAGINATION OF ALBERT.

THE BAROQUE CITY:

THE AXIAL SYSTEM PLANNING WHICH WAS INTRODUCED BY LORENZO BERNINI DURING THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD WAS DEVELOPED DURING THIS TIME.

KING LOUIS XIV ORDERED TOP REMOVE HIS PALACE FROM THE CONGESTED PARIS TO THE OPEN HUNTING GROUND OF VERSAILLES AND ORDERED TO HAVE THE AVENUES TO RADIATE OUT THIS MAGNIFICIENT PALACE.

AFTER NAPOLEON III ROSE TO POWER IN 1853, THE CITIES WERE CONGESTED WITH SLUMS AND THE CONDITION OF PARIS WAS DETERIORATING.

MECHANICAL TRAFFIC WAS TO BE INTRODUCED ON THE ROADS AND IT WAS URGENT NECESSITY TO CHECK THE HAPHAZARD GROWTH OF PARIS.

GEORGE EUGNE HAUSMANN CAME UP WITH NOVEL PLAN OF HAVING STRAIGHT AVENUES, JOINING THE IMPORTANT PLACES; BOULEVARDS WERE MADE AND SOME FORM OF BUILDING BYE-LAWS LIKE HEIGHT RESTRICTIONS WERE INTRODUCED.

THE MAIN FEATURE OF BAROQUE PLANNING WERE AS FOLLOWS:
1. AVENUES,
2. FOUNTAINS,
3. AXIS AND
4. GEOMETRY.

EXAMPLE: THE SHONE BRUNN PALACE AT GERMANY WHERE THE SIDES OF THE TREES WERE ALSO CHOPPED OFF ALONG THE ROAD TO ACHIEVE THE ‘AXIS’ OF THE DESIGN.

CONCLUSION:

THUS WE SEE THAT IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD, THE MAIN EMPHASIS WERE GIVEN TO THE ‘MASS’ OF THE BUILDINGS, IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD THE IMPORTANCE WAS GIVEN TO THE ‘SPACE’ AND IN THE BAROQUE PERIOD, THE IMPORTANCE WAS LAID UPON BOTH ‘MASS’ AND ‘SPACE’.

MEDIEVAL TOWN PLANNING

INTRODUCTION


The time span between fall of the Roman empire till the start of renaissance is termed as DARK AGES as no great construction or development was carried out during this period.
Economy was rooted in agriculture and the feudal system was the new order.
Merchants & craftsmen formed guilds to strengthen their social & economic position.
Wars among the rival feudal lords were frequent.

PLANNING

1.Early medieval town was dominated by church or monastry & castle of lords.
2.For protective measures, towns were sited in irregular terrain, occupying hill tops or islands. Towns assumed informal & irregular character.
3.Church plaza became a market place.
4.Roads generally radiated from church plaza& market plaza to gates with secondary lateral roadways connecting them.
5.Castle was surrounded by wall & moat as a protective elements.
Irregular pattern in planning was devised to confuse enemies; as enemies unfamiliar with town.
Open spaces, streets, plazas developed as an integral part of site.
Streets were used for pedestrian while wheels were restricted to main roads.

CITIES IN TWELTH & THERTINTH CENTURY
The city of middle ages grew within the confines of the
walls.
While the population was small, there was space in the
town, but when it increased the buildings were packed
more closely and the open spaces filled.

Result was intolerable congestion, lack of hygiene and
pestilence.

CITY OF NAARDEN

1.CARCASSONNE

It contains market square,
castle & church of St.Nazzair.
Irregular pattern for streets is seen.




2. NOERDLINGEN

A Cathedral
B Moat

It shows the radial & lateral pattern of irregular road ways with the church plaza as the principal focal point of the town.

3.CITY MOUNT ST. MICHEL

It was the picturesque town.
It was church larger than the palace that dominated the medieval town of
St. Michel .
The town was enclosed within a protective wall . The artisan were sensitive
to the form & material of the building erected. Under their guidance
and care was exercised in the placement of, and relation between , structure of
the town which gave the picturesque town.


4.MONTPAZIER

During the 13th & 14th centauries colonial cities were founded by young empires to protect their trade and provide military security.
They were platted for allocation of sites to shelters and the regular plan is a distinct contrast to the informal.

The Medieval dwelling –

The medieval dwelling was conceived as an individual
fortress.
The average dwelling was two stories in height. The work- room and storage
Were on the first or basement. Sometimes kitchen was also located here. Living , dining
& sleeping took place on the second floor.
Masonry was the usual construction , although wood frame filled with
Wattle & clay & roofed with thatch for comparison, a small manor house is shown.

It contains a ‘ hall’ & cooking were perforated on this floor. A dormitory or solar was located in the tower above the chapel.
A drain pipe was imbedded in the wall for disposal of waste. The window had no glass and were protected with shutters.
Manor houses were extended in size and formed the nucleus of villages in many cases.

CIVILIZATIONs

AEGEAN AND MINOAN CIVILIZATION


The Aegean and the Minoan civilizations were the prelude to the Greek civilization.
This civilization flourished on the islands of Crete. The development of this civilization on the island was known as Minoan civilization after king Minos.
The development of the mainland is termed as Helladic or also Mycenaen Civilization known after the city of Mycenae.
The mainland of Greece always required strong defensive boundary.

The palace of the king served as the center of community life in Aegean culture.
On the island of Crete the town sites offered natural protection.
Ancient cities like Knossus were not surrounded by walls due to the natural boundary of seas.
On the main land of Greece, cities needed the protection of ramparts.
The cities of Tiryns and Mycenae were heavily fortified.

The Aegean cities were irregular in form. Meandering streets followed the irregular topography of the sites.
The streets were narrow lanes paved with stone.
There was a developed system of water supply, sanitation and drainage for palaces and many of the houses.
Most dwellings were one storied in height and densely built.
The town did not appear to be congested.
In the cities of Aegean culture, the palace of the king used to be an integral part of the town life.
Broad steps lead to an open court which was probably a place for assembly and entertainment.

DWELLINGS OF THE AEGEAN CIVILIZATION:
The houses comprised a few small rooms called the Megaron.
These rooms opened into a small light court.
At times there was an opening in the roof for the collection of rain water in a cistern.
The houses of the lower class was confined to the Megaron and a vestibule whereas the houses for upper class and the palaces were equipped with the drains.
One storey construction was done in mud bricks and stone foundation.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

The Classical Greek Civilization includes the civilization on the mainland of Greece, Aegean archipelago of islands and the west coast of Anatolia.
The Aegean civilization fell roughly around 1200 B.C. and the Greek civilization took 500 years to get formulated.
Greece was invaded from the north by the Dorians. Those who went to Anatolia were the Ionians.
These two principalities formulated the distinct character of the Greek Civilization.

Greek Civilization can be broadly classified as :
Hellenic
Hellenistic
The people on the main land of Greece mixed with the Aegean people which gave rise to a noble class.
This class rose in power and exercised an influence on the common people
The influence of king reduced and thus the palace citadel disappeared.

Temples dedicated to god replaced the palaces on the acropolis.
The emergence of merchant class gave rise to redistribution of the estates of nobles among the common people.
With this concept of the law that were determined by the people, Athens became a democratic state.

THE CITY OF ATHENS

During the early years of democracy, the Greek city had wandering unpaved lanes.
There was no drainage and sanitation.
Water was carried from the local wells and waste was disposed off in the streets.
There were no palaces, but temples were present alongwith a few public buildings.
The common assembly place was called as the pnyx.

The pnyx was an open air podium where the citizens met to consider the affairs of the state.
The agora was the market place and the center of urban activity. It was irregular in form.
There was very less difference between the houses of the rich and the poor people. The rooms were grouped about an interior court.
Most towns were surrounded by protective walls.

COLUMNS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE.
An order consisted of an upright columns and the horizontal entablatures or the part supported.
The orders that developed in the Greek period were:
Doric order
Ionic order
Corinthian order.


The Greek architecture comprised of many features that included the columns of various orders.

The columns in the form of sculptures of women were also an important feature of the Greek architecture.
These were seen at Erecthion and were called as Caryatid porches.


Theory of Hippodamus:
Hippodamus was an architect from the city of Miletus and was credited the origination of the “grid-iron” pattern of streets.
The grid-iron system, according to Hippodamus, established a rational arrangement of buildings and circulation.
For the city plan, the individual dwelling was considered as a module.
The blocks were shaped to provide appropriate orientations for the dwellings within them.
The functional uses of the buildings and the public space were recognized in the arrangement of streets.
This facilitated the easy movement of people and vehicles.
The rigid geometry of the Hippodamus street system was superimposed upon the uneven topography of the sites.
This resulted in the development of steps to negotiate with the steep slope.
This was accepted as the movement was on foot.


PUBLIC SPACE:
The public spaces consisted of the Agora or the market place,, assembly halls called as the Ecclesiasteron, Council hall called as the Bouleuterion and the Council chamber called as the Prytaneum.

THE AGORA:
Located in the center of the town plan.
E-W and N-S streets lead to the Agora.
Occupied about 5% of the city area.
The Agora had dimensions approx. one fifth of the width and breadth of the town itself.
Geometrical plan. Square or rectangular open space surrounded by colonnades, porticoes.
It does not allow movement of people across the open space.
Streets terminated at the Agora and did not cross it.
The open space was reserved was used for the pedestrian movement and circulation.
There were olive groves outside the walls of the city.
There were provisions of building laws regarding the restriction of buildings from encroaching on the streets .
Prohibition of projection of upper floors beyond the first floor wall.

DWELLINGS:
There were shops adjacent to the dwellings of the merchants.The houses were enclosed about a central hearth.
Streets were paved and sanitation was improved by providing underground drains.
Facility for the disposition of sewage was not provided.


CITY OF OLYNTHUS:
Irregular layout of streets.
The city contained Agora and an assembly space.
The dwellings were small and irregular in form.
At places, the Hippodamian plan can be seen with main streets laid -in a north-south direction about 300 feet apart and connected by east-west street of narrow width some 129 feet apart.
The city in later period had paved street and underground drains.
Some houses were two storied in height.

THE CITY OF PRIENE:

Grid- iron pattern of street system.
Agora is at the center of the town, surrounded by temples shrines, public buildings and shops.
Recreation and entertainment facilities are provided in gymnasia, stadia and theatre.

THE CITY OF MILETUS:
This city too shows the grid-iron system of roads.
The market place had freedom for pedestrian movement, streets generally by-passed terminating the open space.
Services to the shops from exterior street.
Agora was treated as the series of exterior rooms.
It was rectilinear in form but the spaces were not symmetrical.
Shrines and public spaces were located about the agora.
The bouleuterion, the ecclesiasteron and prytaneum were located about the agora.

THE HELLENISTIC CITY:
The era after Alexander the Great is termed as the Hellenistic era.
Public buildings like the Odeion, the treasury, the library and the prison were added to the agora.
Baths and stadia were built for entertainment.
Gardens and parks were introduced
Villas were built.